A healthy eating plan for a Diabetic person is a traditional low fat diet. This diet would have a ration of 25-30% fats, 50-55% carbs, and 20% protein. This is the kind of diet that most governmental authorities recommend. Some people have been able to reverse diabetes by making lifestyle and dietary changes.
SAMPLE MEAL PLAN
Breakfast
1/2 Grapefruit, 1 medium bowl oatmeal topped with extra low-fat milk. 1 Tsp honey and 1 Tsp flax seeds.
Snack
1 kiwi fruit
Lunch
40g (uncooked) Basmati rice – cook and server with 4oz cooked chicken strips. 1 small orange, chopped cucumber, and 2 Tsp pine nuts, with oil-free French dressing.
Mid afternoon snack
2 dark rye crisp breads spread with yeast extract.
Dinner
4 oz salmon fillet topped with 1 1/2 Tsp olive oil blended with 1 garlic clove, grilled and server with 6ox potato mashed with seasoning. Serve with peas and spinach.
1 medium glass of dry white or red wine, or fruit juice.
الجمعة، 30 سبتمبر 2011
Diabetes Mellitus Complications
There are two kinds of Diabetes Mellitus complications::
First kind is Emergency complications and it include:
* Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma
* Diabetic ketoacidosis
Second kind is Long-term complications and it include:
* Atherosclerosis
* Coronary artery disease
* Diabetic nephropathy
* Diabetic neuropathy
* Diabetic retinopathy
* Erection problems
* Hyperlipidemia
* Hypertension
* Infections of the skin, female urinary tract, and urinary tract
* Peripheral vascular disease
* Stroke
First kind is Emergency complications and it include:
* Diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma
* Diabetic ketoacidosis
Second kind is Long-term complications and it include:
* Atherosclerosis
* Coronary artery disease
* Diabetic nephropathy
* Diabetic neuropathy
* Diabetic retinopathy
* Erection problems
* Hyperlipidemia
* Hypertension
* Infections of the skin, female urinary tract, and urinary tract
* Peripheral vascular disease
* Stroke
Diabetes Treatment
The immediate goals are to treat diabetic ketoacidosis and high blood glucose levels. Because type 1 diabetes can start suddenly and have severe symptoms, people who are newly diagnosed may need to go to the hospital.
The long-term goals of treatment are to:
* Prolong life
* Reduce symptoms
* Prevent diabetes-related complications such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputation of limbs
These goals are accomplished through:
* Blood pressure and cholesterol control
* Careful self testing of blood glucose levels
* Education
* Exercise
* Foot care
* Meal planning and weight control
* Medication or insulin use
There is no cure for diabetes. Treatment involves medicines, diet, and exercise to control blood sugar and prevent symptoms.
LEARN THESE SKILLS
Basic diabetes management skills will help prevent the need for emergency care. These skills include:
* How to recognize and treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
* What to eat and when
* How to take insulin or oral medication
* How to test and record blood glucose
* How to test urine for ketones (type 1 diabetes only)
* How to adjust insulin or food intake when changing exercise and eating habits
* How to handle sick days
* Where to buy diabetes supplies and how to store them
After you learn the basics of diabetes care, learn how the disease can cause long-term health problems and the best ways to prevent these problems. Review and update your knowledge, because new research and improved ways to treat diabetes are constantly being developed.
SELF-TESTING
If you have diabetes, your doctor may tell you to regularly check your blood sugar levels at home. There are a number of devices available, and they use only a drop of blood. Self-monitoring tells you how well diet, medication, and exercise are working together to control your diabetes. It can help your doctor prevent complications.
The American Diabetes Association recommends keeping blood sugar levels in the range of:
* 80 - 120 mg/dL before meals
* 100 - 140 mg/dL at bedtime
Your doctor may adjust this depending on your circumstances.
WHAT TO EAT
You should work closely with your health care provider to learn how much fat, protein, and carbohydrates you need in your diet. A registered dietician can help you plan your dietary needs.
People with type 1 diabetes should eat at about the same times each day and try to be consistent with the types of food they choose. This helps to prevent blood sugar from becoming extremely high or low.
People with type 2 diabetes should follow a well-balanced and low-fat diet.
HOW TO TAKE MEDICATION
Medications to treat diabetes include insulin and glucose-lowering pills called oral hypoglycemic drugs.
People with type 1 diabetes cannot make their own insulin. They need daily insulin injections. Insulin does not come in pill form. Injections are generally needed one to four times per day. Some people use an insulin pump. It is worn at all times and delivers a steady flow of insulin throughout the day. Other people may use inhaled insulin. See also: Type 1 diabetes
Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, and medicines taken by mouth. There are several types of medicines used to lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. See also: Type 2 diabetes
Medications may be switched to insulin during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
Gestational diabetes may be treated with exercise and changes in diet.
EXERCISE
Regular exercise is especially important for people with diabetes. It helps with blood sugar control, weight loss, and high blood pressure. People with diabetes who exercise are less likely to experience a heart attack or stroke than those who do not exercise regularly.
Here are some exercise considerations:
* Always check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.
* Ask your doctor or nurse if you have the right footwear.
* Choose an enjoyable physical activity that is appropriate for your current fitness level.
* Exercise every day, and at the same time of day, if possible.
* Monitor blood glucose levels before and after exercise.
* Carry food that contains a fast-acting carbohydrate in case you become hypoglycemic during or after exercise.
* Carry a diabetes identification card and a cell phone in case of emergency.
* Drink extra fluids that do not contain sugar before, during, and after exercise.
You may need to change your diet or medication dose if you change your exercise intensity or duration to keep blood sugar levels from going too high or low.
FOOT CARE
People with diabetes are more likely to have foot problems. Diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves and decrease the body's ability to fight infection. You may not notice a foot injury until an infection develops. Death of skin and other tissue can occur.
If left untreated, the affected foot may need to be amputated. Diabetes is the most common condition leading to amputations.
To prevent injury to the feet, check and care for your feet every day.
The long-term goals of treatment are to:
* Prolong life
* Reduce symptoms
* Prevent diabetes-related complications such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputation of limbs
These goals are accomplished through:
* Blood pressure and cholesterol control
* Careful self testing of blood glucose levels
* Education
* Exercise
* Foot care
* Meal planning and weight control
* Medication or insulin use
There is no cure for diabetes. Treatment involves medicines, diet, and exercise to control blood sugar and prevent symptoms.
LEARN THESE SKILLS
Basic diabetes management skills will help prevent the need for emergency care. These skills include:
* How to recognize and treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
* What to eat and when
* How to take insulin or oral medication
* How to test and record blood glucose
* How to test urine for ketones (type 1 diabetes only)
* How to adjust insulin or food intake when changing exercise and eating habits
* How to handle sick days
* Where to buy diabetes supplies and how to store them
After you learn the basics of diabetes care, learn how the disease can cause long-term health problems and the best ways to prevent these problems. Review and update your knowledge, because new research and improved ways to treat diabetes are constantly being developed.
SELF-TESTING
If you have diabetes, your doctor may tell you to regularly check your blood sugar levels at home. There are a number of devices available, and they use only a drop of blood. Self-monitoring tells you how well diet, medication, and exercise are working together to control your diabetes. It can help your doctor prevent complications.
The American Diabetes Association recommends keeping blood sugar levels in the range of:
* 80 - 120 mg/dL before meals
* 100 - 140 mg/dL at bedtime
Your doctor may adjust this depending on your circumstances.
WHAT TO EAT
You should work closely with your health care provider to learn how much fat, protein, and carbohydrates you need in your diet. A registered dietician can help you plan your dietary needs.
People with type 1 diabetes should eat at about the same times each day and try to be consistent with the types of food they choose. This helps to prevent blood sugar from becoming extremely high or low.
People with type 2 diabetes should follow a well-balanced and low-fat diet.
HOW TO TAKE MEDICATION
Medications to treat diabetes include insulin and glucose-lowering pills called oral hypoglycemic drugs.
People with type 1 diabetes cannot make their own insulin. They need daily insulin injections. Insulin does not come in pill form. Injections are generally needed one to four times per day. Some people use an insulin pump. It is worn at all times and delivers a steady flow of insulin throughout the day. Other people may use inhaled insulin. See also: Type 1 diabetes
Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, and medicines taken by mouth. There are several types of medicines used to lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. See also: Type 2 diabetes
Medications may be switched to insulin during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
Gestational diabetes may be treated with exercise and changes in diet.
EXERCISE
Regular exercise is especially important for people with diabetes. It helps with blood sugar control, weight loss, and high blood pressure. People with diabetes who exercise are less likely to experience a heart attack or stroke than those who do not exercise regularly.
Here are some exercise considerations:
* Always check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.
* Ask your doctor or nurse if you have the right footwear.
* Choose an enjoyable physical activity that is appropriate for your current fitness level.
* Exercise every day, and at the same time of day, if possible.
* Monitor blood glucose levels before and after exercise.
* Carry food that contains a fast-acting carbohydrate in case you become hypoglycemic during or after exercise.
* Carry a diabetes identification card and a cell phone in case of emergency.
* Drink extra fluids that do not contain sugar before, during, and after exercise.
You may need to change your diet or medication dose if you change your exercise intensity or duration to keep blood sugar levels from going too high or low.
FOOT CARE
People with diabetes are more likely to have foot problems. Diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves and decrease the body's ability to fight infection. You may not notice a foot injury until an infection develops. Death of skin and other tissue can occur.
If left untreated, the affected foot may need to be amputated. Diabetes is the most common condition leading to amputations.
To prevent injury to the feet, check and care for your feet every day.
Diabetes Tests and Exams
To diagnose diabetes There are some tests used to diagnose diabetes
and It is :
*A urine analysis may be used to look for glucose and ketones from the breakdown of fat.
* Fasting blood glucose level -- diabetes is diagnosed if higher than 126 mg/dL on two occasions. Levels between 100 and 126 mg/dL are referred to as impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. These levels are considered to be risk factors for type 2 diabetes and its complications.
* Oral glucose tolerance test -- diabetes is diagnosed if glucose level is higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 hours. (This test is used more for type 2 diabetes.)
* Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level -- diabetes is suspected if higher than 200 mg/dL and accompanied by the classic diabetes symptoms of increased thirst, urination, and fatigue.
Persons with diabetes need to have their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level checked every 3 - 6 months. The HbA1c is a measure of average blood glucose during the previous 2 - 3 months. It is a very helpful way to determine how well treatment is working.
and It is :
*A urine analysis may be used to look for glucose and ketones from the breakdown of fat.
* Fasting blood glucose level -- diabetes is diagnosed if higher than 126 mg/dL on two occasions. Levels between 100 and 126 mg/dL are referred to as impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. These levels are considered to be risk factors for type 2 diabetes and its complications.
* Oral glucose tolerance test -- diabetes is diagnosed if glucose level is higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 hours. (This test is used more for type 2 diabetes.)
* Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level -- diabetes is suspected if higher than 200 mg/dL and accompanied by the classic diabetes symptoms of increased thirst, urination, and fatigue.
Persons with diabetes need to have their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level checked every 3 - 6 months. The HbA1c is a measure of average blood glucose during the previous 2 - 3 months. It is a very helpful way to determine how well treatment is working.
Diabetes Reasons
The reasons of diabetes depends on the type.
Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections, with some evidence pointing at Coxsackie B4 virus. There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to some of these triggers which has been traced to particular HLA genotypes . However, even in those who have inherited the susceptibility, type 1 diabetes mellitus seems to require an environmental trigger.
Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.
There are many risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including:
* Age over 45 years
* A parent, brother, or sister with diabetes
* Gestational diabetes or delivering a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
* Heart disease
* High blood cholesterol level
* Obesity
* Not getting enough exercise
* Polycystic ovary disease (in women)
* Previous impaired glucose tolerance
Following is a comprehensive list of other causes of diabetes:
* Genetic defects of β-cell Function
o Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
o Mitochondrial DNA mutations
* Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action
o Defects in proinsulin conversion
o Insulin gene mutations
o Insulin receptor mutations
* Exocrine Pancreatic Defects
o Chronic pancreatitis
o Pancreatectomy
o Pancreatic neoplasia
o Cystic fibrosis
o Hemochromatosis
o Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy
* Endocrinopathies
o Growth hormone excess (acromegaly)
o Cushing syndrome
o Hyperthyroidism
o Pheochromocytoma
o Glucagonoma
* Infections
o Cytomegalovirus infection
o Coxsackievirus B
* Drugs
o Glucocorticoids
o Thyroid hormone
o β-adrenergic agonists
Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections, with some evidence pointing at Coxsackie B4 virus. There is a genetic element in individual susceptibility to some of these triggers which has been traced to particular HLA genotypes . However, even in those who have inherited the susceptibility, type 1 diabetes mellitus seems to require an environmental trigger.
Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.
There are many risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including:
* Age over 45 years
* A parent, brother, or sister with diabetes
* Gestational diabetes or delivering a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
* Heart disease
* High blood cholesterol level
* Obesity
* Not getting enough exercise
* Polycystic ovary disease (in women)
* Previous impaired glucose tolerance
Following is a comprehensive list of other causes of diabetes:
* Genetic defects of β-cell Function
o Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)
o Mitochondrial DNA mutations
* Genetic defects in insulin processing or insulin action
o Defects in proinsulin conversion
o Insulin gene mutations
o Insulin receptor mutations
* Exocrine Pancreatic Defects
o Chronic pancreatitis
o Pancreatectomy
o Pancreatic neoplasia
o Cystic fibrosis
o Hemochromatosis
o Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy
* Endocrinopathies
o Growth hormone excess (acromegaly)
o Cushing syndrome
o Hyperthyroidism
o Pheochromocytoma
o Glucagonoma
* Infections
o Cytomegalovirus infection
o Coxsackievirus B
* Drugs
o Glucocorticoids
o Thyroid hormone
o β-adrenergic agonists
Diabetes Symptoms
High blood levels of glucose can cause several problems, including:
* Excessive thirst
* Blurry vision
* Fatigue
* Frequent urination
* Weight loss
* Hunger
However, because type 2 diabetes develops slowly, some people with high blood sugar experience no symptoms at all.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes:
* Fatigue
* Increased thirst
* Increased urination
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Weight loss in spite of increased appetite
Patients with type 1 diabetes usually develop symptoms over a short period of time. The condition is often diagnosed in an emergency setting.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes:
* Blurred vision
* Fatigue
* Increased appetite
* Increased thirst
* Increased urination
* Excessive thirst
* Blurry vision
* Fatigue
* Frequent urination
* Weight loss
* Hunger
However, because type 2 diabetes develops slowly, some people with high blood sugar experience no symptoms at all.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes:
* Fatigue
* Increased thirst
* Increased urination
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Weight loss in spite of increased appetite
Patients with type 1 diabetes usually develop symptoms over a short period of time. The condition is often diagnosed in an emergency setting.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes:
* Blurred vision
* Fatigue
* Increased appetite
* Increased thirst
* Increased urination
General Informations About Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar,either at the person who his body does not produce enough insulin,or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.
Diabetes mellitus main types:
* Type 1 of diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin.
* Type 2 of diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.
* Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.
Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.
All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became available in 1921, and type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications. Both type 1 and 2 are chronic conditions that usually cannot be cured. Pancreas transplants have been tried with limited success in type 1 DM; gastric bypass surgery has been successful in many with morbid obesity and type 2 DM. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery. Diabetes without proper treatments can cause many complications. Acute complications include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, retinal damage. Adequate treatment of diabetes is thus important, as well as blood pressure control and lifestyle factors such as smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy body weight.
As of 2000 at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common, affecting 90 to 95% of the U.S. diabetes population.
Diabetes mellitus main types:
* Type 1 of diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin.
* Type 2 of diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.
* Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.
Other forms of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.
All forms of diabetes have been treatable since insulin became available in 1921, and type 2 diabetes may be controlled with medications. Both type 1 and 2 are chronic conditions that usually cannot be cured. Pancreas transplants have been tried with limited success in type 1 DM; gastric bypass surgery has been successful in many with morbid obesity and type 2 DM. Gestational diabetes usually resolves after delivery. Diabetes without proper treatments can cause many complications. Acute complications include hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, retinal damage. Adequate treatment of diabetes is thus important, as well as blood pressure control and lifestyle factors such as smoking cessation and maintaining a healthy body weight.
As of 2000 at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population. Type 2 diabetes is by far the most common, affecting 90 to 95% of the U.S. diabetes population.
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